DCs were further shown to express high levels of surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and potently induced proliferation of naГЇve T cells ( 3). Following the study and characterization of the mononuclear phagocyte system, seminal work by Ralph Steinman and Zanvil Cohn led to the identification of phagocytic cells in the spleen that could also induce antibody responses, which were then formally named вЂњdendritic cellsвЂќ (DCs) in 1973 ( 2). The first description of a dendritic cell originated from Paul Langerhans in 1868 based on his identification of skin-based cells (now known as Langerhans cells) that had a striking dendritic or вЂњtree-likeвЂќ morphology ( 1). In this review, we will discuss the current landscape of DCs and their ontogeny, and how this influences our understanding of their roles during HIV infection. Collectively, these observations have changed how we view these cells not only in steady-state immunity but also during disease and infection. Notable examples include the reclassification of plasmacytoid DCs as purely interferon-producing cells and re-evaluation of intestinal conventional DCs and macrophages as derived from monocyte precursors. With the power of high-dimensional approaches such as single-cell sequencing and multiparameter cytometry, recent studies have shed new light on the identities and functions of DC subtypes. From their discovery by Ralph Steinman in the 1970s followed shortly after with descriptions of their in vivo diversity and distribution by Derek Hart, we are still continuing to progressively elucidate the spectrum of DCs present in various anatomical compartments.

5Kirby Institute, Kensington, NSW, AustraliaДendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in orchestrating host immunity against invading pathogens, representing one of the first responders to infection by mucosal invaders.

4University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

3Discipline of Applied Medical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

2Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

1Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Jake William Rhodes 1,2 вЂ , Orion Tong 1 вЂ , Andrew Nicholas Harman 1,3 * and Stuart Grant Turville 4,5 *

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